FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
3D PRINTING, 3D SCANNING & TECHNICAL RESOURCES
Answers to common questions about additive manufacturing, 3D scanning, software, equipment and technical services.
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CAMS supplies and supports industrial 3D printers, 3D scanners and associated software, and also performs scanning, design, printing and inspection services. The appropriate route depends on whether you need a finished deliverable, ongoing in-house capability, or both.
Yes. CAMS supports customers across Canada, with project delivery, remote support and on-site work considered according to the equipment and scope. Share your location and the required outcome so the practical approach can be confirmed.
Send the intended application, part dimensions, quantity, material or performance requirements, deadline and any existing files. CAD models, photographs, sketches, inspection requirements or scan data are useful. We can review incomplete information if the design is still being developed.
No. Start with what the part, measurement or digital model must accomplish. Material, size, detail, accuracy, throughput and downstream use determine the suitable process or equipment. CAMS can compare the options before a specific machine or workflow is selected.
Yes. An evaluation can cover part or object samples, materials, required accuracy, expected throughput, software, facility needs, service and operator training. For demanding applications, define acceptance criteria before selecting a system.
Yes. A physical part can be 3D scanned and reconstructed into CAD, depending on the geometry and intended outcome. The result might be an as-built model, idealized nominal geometry or a redesigned replacement. Explain how the CAD will be used so the required modelling approach can be defined.
Yes. When appropriate geometry, reference CAD and inspection requirements are available, 3D scanning and metrology software can be used to evaluate surface deviations and selected dimensions. Inspection plans, datums, tolerance definitions and required reporting should be agreed before the work begins.
Yes. CAMS supports early design and prototype work as well as production-oriented printing, inspection, equipment and workflow requirements. Material, quantity, validation and repeatability requirements influence the approach; the same process is not automatically suitable at every stage.
The main factors are part size, geometry, material, quantity, accuracy, finishing, file readiness, inspection and scheduling. For on-site scanning, travel, access, measurement conditions and deliverables also matter. Provide the application and available files so the scope can be evaluated before a quotation is prepared.
Scanning-service pricing depends on the size and complexity of the subject, travel and site access, accuracy expectations, and required deliverables. A registered mesh or point cloud is different in scope from reverse-engineered CAD or a dimensional inspection report. Send images, dimensions and the required output for a project-specific quotation.
The price of a printed part depends on the process, material, build size, part geometry, quantity and finishing or inspection. A single small visual prototype and a batch of functional metal components have very different cost structures. CAD files and project requirements are the most useful starting point for estimating.
Additive manufacturing (AM) creates a physical object from digital design data by adding material in successive layers or deposits. The term includes several fundamentally different processes: some extrude a thermoplastic, others cure resin, fuse powder, jet binder or material, or deposit metal using focused energy. Process selection affects achievable geometry, material properties, dimensional performance, production rate, safety measures and post-processing. Unlike machining, AM generally builds geometry without removing most of the starting stock, but supports, unused powder, waste and finishing still affect material efficiency.
CAMS supplies and supports several industrial and professional printing technologies, including metal laser powder bed fusion (MPBF/LPBF), polymer SLS, resin SLA and DLP, pellet extrusion (FGF), binder jetting for sand, metal and full-colour models, and selected material-jetting systems. These processes serve different applications: production metal parts, functional polymer components, detailed patterns, foundry moulds and cores, large tooling, and visual models. CAMS does not claim to offer equipment in every ISO/ASTM process category. See the process guides for technical differences and contact CAMS about current equipment and material availability.
Metal powder bed fusion (PBF), often called laser powder bed fusion or MPBF, uses a focused energy source to fuse metal powder in a powder bed. Parts can be built at high density, with supports and thermal management considered during design and processing. Metal binder jetting deposits a liquid binder into a bed of metal powder to create a comparatively fragile green part. That part requires curing and then typically depowdering, debinding and sintering; shrinkage compensation is part of the process plan. The processes therefore differ in machine workflow, support strategy, materials, achievable properties, thermal post-processing, inspection and economics. Neither is automatically superior for every metal part.
Selective laser sintering (SLS) uses thermal energy to fuse polymer powder. The surrounding unsintered powder supports most geometry, making the process useful for nested batches of complex, functional parts. Stereolithography (SLA) cures liquid photopolymer resin with light and is frequently used for fine feature detail, surface finish, models and patterns. Both can produce functional components when suitable materials and validated workflows are selected. Compare service temperature, toughness, dimensional needs, surface requirements, size, quantity, post-processing and available material data rather than choosing by process name alone.
SLA and DLP are both vat photopolymerization methods: light cures selected areas of liquid photosensitive resin. Scanning-laser SLA exposes geometry by moving a laser beam across a layer; DLP projects an image or pattern over a selected area. LCD or MSLA systems use a masked light source rather than a DLP projector. Process labels alone do not determine dimensional accuracy or speed. Optics, pixel or spot size, material formulation, layer thickness, exposure control, build geometry and post-curing all matter. Supports, washing and curing may be needed. CAMS also supports certain powder-filled DLP routes for ceramics or metals, which require debinding and sintering after printing.
Selected DLP vat photopolymerization systems use a photosensitive feedstock containing ceramic or metal particles. Light cures the binder phase to form a green part. After cleaning and support removal, controlled debinding removes organics and sintering consolidates the inorganic material. Final dimensions depend on material-dependent shrinkage, part geometry and thermal cycle; the printed green part is not the final metal or ceramic component. Evaluate material data, feature thickness, furnace capacity and finishing requirements before choosing this method.
FDM (a trademark often used generically) and FFF commonly describe material extrusion using continuous thermoplastic filament. The machine melts and deposits roads of material along a toolpath, solidifying the layers into a part. FGF, also called pellet or granulate extrusion, processes pellets through an extruder and is used for high-throughput, often large-format deposition. Pellet systems can reduce feedstock cost at scale and accommodate certain filled materials, but bead dimensions and thermal management usually differ from fine-filament systems. Applications range from functional brackets to large tooling and patterns. Print orientation, bonding, warping, support requirements, reinforcement and finishing influence performance; large tools may be machined after printing.
Full-colour binder jetting selectively deposits binder and colour agents onto layers of a compatible powder, often gypsum-based. The machine builds both geometry and colour in one powder-bed operation. Depowdering and infiltration or other finishing may follow, depending on the system. The process is useful for architectural models, figurines, display objects and visual communication where full-colour appearance matters. It is distinct from metal or sand binder jetting even though they share the same broad process family. Structural strength, water resistance, handling and colour durability depend on the material and finishing method.
Sand binder jetting prints foundry moulds and cores directly from CAD by selectively depositing binder into layers of sand. Foundries can form complex cavities, internal passages and patterns without first manufacturing conventional pattern tooling for every geometry. The printed mould or core is used to produce a metal casting; it is not itself the metal part. Sand type, binder chemistry, gas evolution, core strength, storage and casting process must be matched to the foundry application. Large systems can support production needs, but the workflow also includes depowdering, handling, assembly and the metal-pouring operation.
FGF uses thermoplastic pellets rather than filament. It is particularly useful for larger tooling, patterns, molds and structures where deposition rate and material cost matter. Fine details and final tolerances may require machining or another finishing operation.
There is no universal accuracy value for 3D printing. Dimensional results depend on the process, specific machine and calibration, material, part size and wall thickness, orientation, support strategy, thermal history and subsequent processing. Printed features may require machining, reaming or inspection to meet engineering tolerances. For a production requirement, identify critical dimensions, datums, acceptance criteria and a measurement method rather than relying on one published tolerance figure.
Yes, when the selected material, process and quality plan meet the actual load, environment, longevity and regulatory requirements. End-use suitability should be validated for the application rather than assumed from a printer or material description alone.
Depending on the process, finishing can include powder or support removal, cleaning, curing, heat treatment, machining, surface smoothing, coating and inspection. The desired finish and functional surfaces should be defined before the build.
STEP or other CAD solids are useful when edits are needed. STL or 3MF can be appropriate for print preparation when the mesh is already correct. Requirements vary by process and job; include drawing tolerances and notes separately when they matter.
Many metal powder bed fusion geometries need supports for thermal management, overhangs and stable build attachment. Support strategy influences orientation, accessible surfaces and post-processing. The need and placement depend on the machine, material, geometry and process parameters.
Often, yes. Polymer SLS can produce functional components in materials such as PA12 and other machine-supported powders. Suitability depends on load, temperature, environment, fatigue, surface finish and repeatability; a material datasheet should be evaluated in the context of the actual part.
Yes. Large-format pellet-extruded patterns, moulds and tools are often printed with machining allowance and then finish-machined to critical surfaces. The intended cutting process, stock allowance, material stability and operating conditions should be considered in the design.
Compare the full delivered cost: material, machine time, setup, tooling, support removal, finishing, inspection and quantity. Additive processes are especially useful when geometry, lead time, customization or avoided tooling provides value. At higher quantities, conventional tooling or machining may be more economical for some shapes.
Equipment prices depend on the printing process, build volume, materials, automation and machine configuration. Total implementation cost may also include ancillary processing equipment, extraction or filtration, facility preparation, software, training, consumables and service. CAMS can quote a system around its intended application and production requirements.
A scanner captures measured surface data. Depending on the workflow, the output may be a point cloud, polygon mesh, textured model or another geometric dataset. Editable parametric CAD is usually a separate reverse-engineering step rather than the scanner output itself.
Accuracy describes how close a measurement is to an accepted reference. Resolution describes the level of detail the system can resolve or sample. Point spacing, single-frame accuracy and volumetric accuracy are different specifications and should not be used interchangeably.
Scanner accuracy specifications are meaningful only when the measurement definition and test conditions are known. Check whether a value refers to a single frame, a defined length test, a volume, a tracked system or registered measurements across several scan positions. Ask what standard or test artifact was used, whether the result is a maximum permissible error or typical value, and what environmental or surface conditions apply. Resolution, point spacing and repeatability are not substitutes for dimensional accuracy. For critical measurement work, establish a calibrated reference or acceptance test for the actual measurement volume and geometry. ISO 10360-13 describes acceptance and reverification tests for optical 3D coordinate measuring systems, within its scope.
Professional 3D scanners emphasize accessible capture for design, visualization, education and general reverse engineering. Metrology systems are selected where dimensional performance must be specified, verified and integrated into an inspection process. The distinction is not simply laser versus structured light, or handheld versus stationary: either optical approach can be engineered for demanding measurement, depending on the system and test method. Compare traceable measurement evidence, the applicable test volume, alignment method, stability, environmental conditions and the intended deliverable.
Single-frame accuracy concerns measurements within an individual capture under a defined test. Volumetric accuracy describes performance over a larger measurement space and includes the tracking or registration behaviour of the system. Manufacturers use different test methods, so figures should be compared only when their definitions and conditions are clear.
Photogrammetry estimates positions or geometric relationships from images. In some 3D scanning systems it is used to establish a larger reference framework, control scale or improve tracking over bigger parts. Video photogrammetry and dynamic tracking are implementation-specific; confirm exactly what the chosen scanner supports.
Dynamic tracking systems use an external optical tracker to determine the scanner position during capture. Depending on the system, this can enable marker-free work on the part, probe measurements or expansion of the measurement volume using reference arrangements. Tracking coverage and line of sight still need to suit the object and work area.
Markers or targets provide identifiable references that help a scanner track its position and combine multiple views. They are common when a part has little natural texture or geometry, when the scanning volume is large, or when the required measurement strategy uses target networks. Some scanners track surface features, texture or external optical references without applied targets. Targetless capability does not eliminate the need for registration planning or dimensional verification. Choose the tracking method based on the workpiece and the system—not as a universal measure of scanner quality.
Scanning spray changes a surface's optical response so a scanner can capture reflective, translucent or transparent material more consistently. Many products leave a temporary matte coating; others are designed to sublimate or be removed by cleaning. Spray changes the measured surface and may be unsuitable where coating, residue, contact or surface contamination is restricted. Follow material compatibility, ventilation and handling instructions and account for the coating where dimensional requirements are tight.
Sublimating scanning sprays deposit a temporary matte coating designed to disappear over time, reducing the need for subsequent removal. The rate depends on product formulation, coating thickness and environmental conditions, so the disappearance time is not universal. Conventional sprays may remain until cleaned off and can be better suited to jobs requiring a longer working window. Any coating can alter the scanned surface slightly; verify suitability for delicate materials, cleanliness requirements and dimensional work before use.
Some laser systems handle challenging surfaces better than some structured-light systems, but performance varies by model, optics and environment. Very reflective or transparent areas may require preparation, a different capture method, or a temporary scanning spray.
Both laser triangulation and structured-light systems recover 3D geometry from observed light patterns, but they illuminate and measure surfaces differently. Laser scanners may project lines or points; structured-light systems project designed patterns and observe their deformation through cameras. Both technologies exist in handheld and stationary metrology products, as well as professional scanners. Performance depends on optics, calibration, tracking, working distance, exposure, surface condition and measurement volume. Neither technology is inherently the most accurate for every application.
Stationary scanners are useful for controlled, repeatable setups and detailed capture of relatively small objects, particularly with turntables or fixtures. Handheld systems are often useful when the object is large, difficult to move or requires access around complex geometry. Working volume, accuracy, throughput and operator workflow determine the choice.
Metrology scanners are intended for detailed part geometry and controlled dimensional inspection. LiDAR is generally selected for larger objects, sites, rooms or environments. The choice depends on scale, accuracy requirements, access, speed and downstream use.
Yes. Scan data can be used as the reference for reverse-engineered surfaces, parametric CAD or design changes. The CAD deliverable depends on whether the goal is an as-built replica, idealized nominal geometry, tool design or a modified replacement part.
Yes, on systems equipped for colour capture or in workflows that combine scanning with photography. The final resolution and fidelity depend on the cameras, lighting, surface properties and texture-processing workflow. Not every metrology scanner is designed for photorealistic capture.
Yes. Scanners and 3D sensors can be integrated with turntables, fixtures, robot arms and inline production systems. Automation can improve repeatability and throughput when the part presentation, coverage, software evaluation and control interfaces are properly designed.
Sometimes it can perform measurements that would otherwise be made by a CMM, especially surface comparisons or inspection of complex freeform geometry. It is not a universal substitute: tolerances, traceability, accessibility, part condition and the required measurement method determine which instrument is appropriate.
Pricing varies with the sensor technology, measurement performance, tracking method, software bundle, accessories and included support. Portable professional scanners and metrology-grade systems serve different requirements and can fall into very different price ranges. Share the part size, required outcome and use case so a suitable current model and price can be identified.
LiDAR measures distance using light and can generate spatial datasets for facilities, buildings, infrastructure and other large environments. Applications include existing-condition capture, mapping, layout planning, point-cloud modelling and selected measurement tasks. Choice of system depends on site scale and deliverable accuracy.
Static terrestrial LiDAR generally captures a set of measured scan stations and combines them using targets, geometry or survey control. Mobile SLAM systems estimate the sensor trajectory while moving, allowing rapid coverage of large or complex spaces. The methods differ in acquisition speed, route planning, registration behaviour and achievable measurement performance. Neither is automatically more accurate in every configuration. For dimensional surveys, define the accuracy and control requirements and verify the selected method against reference measurements.
A point cloud is a set of sampled 3D positions, often carrying intensity, colour or other attributes. A polygon mesh joins vertices into a surface representation, typically triangles. Point clouds are common deliverables for surveying, mapping and scan registration; meshes are often useful for visualization, 3D printing and shape inspection. A watertight mesh is not automatically a dimensionally validated CAD model. Conversion or simplification can change data, so choose formats based on whether the next task is measurement, visualization, inspection or engineering modelling.
Scan-to-BIM uses captured site measurements, commonly a point cloud, as a reference for creating or updating a building information model. The required level of development, model content and geometric tolerances should be specified; the point cloud itself is not a completed BIM model.
3D Gaussian Splatting is a scene-representation and rendering technique that combines many spatially located Gaussian elements, typically inferred from overlapping images, into a detailed navigable visual result. In some products it is paired with SLAM or LiDAR capture to improve trajectory estimation or add geometric context, but these systems use different processing methods. Gaussian splats are particularly useful for visual presentation; they are not automatically equivalent to a survey-controlled point cloud, an inspection dataset or editable BIM/CAD geometry. Confirm what the output can actually measure before using it for engineering decisions.
It can support certain dimensional and existing-condition workflows when the chosen equipment and survey method meet the requirements. For critical dimensions, control points, registration quality and an appropriate verification approach are important. Confirm whether the deliverable is visualization, planning data or survey-grade measurement before selecting the system.
Scanner operating software acquires, tracks, registers and initially processes the measured data. Downstream software handles tasks such as mesh repair, scan-to-CAD reconstruction, dimensional inspection, freeform sculpting, texturing and build preparation. Depending on the hardware and deliverable, some tasks are combined into one package while others require separate applications. CAMS helps customers choose the software chain that produces the required final output, rather than treating a scan file as the end of every workflow.
Geomagic Design X is intended for converting scan data into editable engineering CAD models, including fitted surfaces and parametric features. It is appropriate when the deliverable must support modification, manufacturing or subsequent CAD design rather than remain only a polygon mesh. CAMS can help compare the Design X tiers for the required workflow.
Geomagic Control X is for scan-based dimensional inspection. It supports comparison against CAD, deviation visualization, feature measurement and repeatable inspection reporting. It is not a substitute for parametric reverse-engineering software.
Geomagic for SOLIDWORKS provides scan-related tools inside the SOLIDWORKS environment. Geomagic Design X is a dedicated reverse-engineering application with broader workflows for reconstructing scanned geometry into CAD, including transferring models to downstream CAD systems. The best fit depends on mesh complexity and the reconstruction tools required.
Geomagic Wrap is used to process polygon meshes and point-cloud data for tasks such as cleaning, alignment, mesh editing and surface preparation. It can support downstream manufacturing, visualization or surfacing workflows; it is not the same tool category as parametric feature reconstruction in Design X.
EXModel supports scan-to-CAD workflows, helping users work from polygon data toward surfaces or CAD geometry. Its capabilities and licence options should be compared with the intended engineering deliverable and the scanner workflow before selection.
3DXpert supports metal additive manufacturing workflows, including build preparation and other process-planning tasks depending on the licence and machine integration. Software compatibility, parameter access and machine-specific post-processing should be checked before purchase.
A haptic device allows a user to interact with digital geometry through a stylus that provides force feedback. With compatible software such as Geomagic Freeform, it can help with sculpting, organic shape development and certain specialized design workflows. Check device and software compatibility before ordering.
STL represents a triangulated surface but does not inherently carry parametric CAD history. STEP is widely used to exchange engineering CAD geometry. OBJ is commonly used for polygon meshes and can reference material or texture information; 3MF packages print-oriented model geometry with metadata such as units and, where supported, materials or production information. The actual capabilities depend on the exporting and importing application. Ask whether the receiving team needs design-editable CAD, manufacturing geometry, colour or measured surface data before choosing a format.
Reverse engineering reconstructs useful design geometry from a physical part, often using measured 3D scan data as reference. It can support replacement parts, design changes, inspection or documentation of legacy components. The CAD may be an as-built representation or a nominal, feature-based model, depending on the intended use.
Geomagic Freeform supports organic, freeform and voxel-based design where conventional parametric CAD is less convenient. Applications can include anatomical, custom-fit, sculptural and complex surface modelling, particularly when haptic devices are part of the workflow.
Often, provided the application accepts the relevant mesh, point-cloud or CAD format. Hardware control usually remains specific to the scanner manufacturer. Confirm supported file formats, data size and any feature restrictions before purchasing software.
A printable model must normally be prepared for a specific manufacturing process. That may involve repairing geometry, arranging and orienting parts, generating supports, slicing, assigning materials and process parameters or planning post-processing. Some printers provide much of this in integrated software, but professional workflows frequently use separate CAD, mesh or build-preparation tools. The exact requirements differ between FDM/FGF, resin, powder-bed and binder-jet processes.
Meshes describe surfaces with points and polygons; they are well suited to captured shape, visualization and many 3D printing tasks. Parametric CAD uses defined curves, surfaces, solids, dimensions, constraints and often a feature history. A mesh can be referenced or converted to surfaces, but simply importing or wrapping a mesh does not automatically recover the original design intent. Reverse engineering reconstructs useful nominal or as-built geometry according to the required engineering deliverable.
Yes. Training can cover operation, calibration and maintenance, scanning technique, software workflow, inspection, build preparation and application-specific tasks. Sessions should be organized around the equipment and work the team actually performs.
CAMS provides installation, training, maintenance and service for supported equipment. Availability for a particular manufacturer or machine—even equipment purchased elsewhere—depends on the model, parts access, technical resources and service scope. Send the exact model, serial number and issue to confirm what support can be provided. OEM calibration or certification services should not be assumed to be included unless explicitly agreed.
Yes. Consulting can identify problems in data capture, CAD, inspection, additive process preparation, operator steps and handoffs. A useful review starts with the required output and the steps that are currently slowing or limiting the process.
Demonstrations or application trials may be possible depending on the model, stock and project requirements. Share representative parts, use cases and acceptance criteria so a useful evaluation can be planned.
CAMS supplies consumables, accessories and spare parts for supported equipment. Compatibility depends on the exact system, materials and OEM requirements, so send the manufacturer, model and part or material details before ordering. Availability and pricing can be confirmed for the specific item.
In many cases, yes. Share the manufacturer, model, software version, location and the kind of help needed. Training, service and technical support options depend on the system and its support status.
Provide the manufacturer, exact model, serial number, firmware and software versions, relevant logs or error messages, and photos or video of the behaviour. Include recent changes in materials, environment or workflow. This makes remote diagnosis and parts identification more efficient.
Preventive maintenance, service and calibration-related support depend on the equipment and OEM procedures. CAMS can review the model and application to identify available maintenance services or appropriate measurement verification routes. Traceable calibration should be requested explicitly when it is required.
Training may be arranged on-site or remotely depending on the hardware, software, team and learning objectives. Practical operator training usually benefits from using representative parts and the workflows the team will perform day to day.
Yes. CAMS supports software selection, installation, training and workflow development for relevant platforms. The project may include file exchange, scan-to-CAD, inspection reporting or manufacturing preparation. The exact scope depends on the current equipment and intended output.
For selected professional products, the CAMS website may display a price and Buy It Now link directing to our Shopify store for checkout. More complex industrial systems and configured equipment are normally handled through quotation and application review. For purchasing, use the live store link shown on the particular product page; confirm shipping, configuration and availability at checkout.
3D scanning measures visible surfaces or spatial features and converts those observations into digital three-dimensional data. Depending on the technology, the output may be a point cloud, polygon mesh, coloured scene or measurement-ready dataset. 3D scanning can document a manufactured component, human anatomy, a historic object or a building-scale environment. The scan is an observation of the physical subject, not automatically a clean CAD solid or engineering drawing. The choice of scanner and processing workflow depends on object scale, accuracy requirements, surface condition and how the data will be used.
Scanning supports reverse engineering and replacement parts, dimensional inspection, product development, ergonomic and medical-device modelling, heritage preservation, visual media, facility documentation and reality capture. The same broad term covers small-feature measurement as well as building-scale surveys. A useful workflow begins by specifying the final output: mesh, point cloud, editable CAD, inspection report, BIM reference or visual asset. Capture planning, software processing and quality verification then follow from that requirement.
Sometimes a registered mesh or point cloud is the complete deliverable, particularly for documentation or visualization. In engineering work it is often an intermediate dataset. A scanned legacy part may need nominal CAD reconstruction; a manufactured part may require deviation analysis against reference CAD; a facility may need survey control or scan-to-BIM modelling. The project scope should distinguish data capture, alignment, cleaning, modelling, validation and reporting so that the final deliverable meets the intended use.
Common systems include stationary structured-light scanners for controlled, high-detail capture; handheld laser or structured-light scanners for flexible access around parts; externally tracked metrology systems for larger measurement volumes; automated turntable or robotic systems for repeatable inspection; and terrestrial LiDAR or mobile SLAM systems for building-scale environments. There are also specialized anatomical and industrial inline sensors. The categories overlap, and scanner form factor does not by itself determine accuracy. Match the actual equipment to the object, operating environment, traceability needs and required data format.
Optical scanners project or observe light and use calibrated geometry, timing or imaging methods to estimate points in 3D. Structured-light and triangulation scanners infer surface shape from camera observations; time-of-flight LiDAR estimates range from light travel characteristics. Multiple views are aligned using targets, geometry, tracking, motion estimates or external references. Software filters noise, registers scans and prepares the data. Each stage can contribute uncertainty, which matters especially for inspection and large measurement volumes.
A projector displays patterns across a workpiece, and calibrated cameras observe how those patterns deform on the surface. The system triangulates many sampled surface points into 3D coordinates. Stationary arrangements and controlled lighting can support repeatability and detailed scanning of parts; fixtures and turntables can automate multi-view coverage. Actual performance depends on field of view, camera/projector calibration, surface condition, temperature, vibration and the system's specified measurement test. Deep recesses and occluded areas may need additional orientations. Suitable outputs include dimensional inspection datasets and reverse-engineering references.
Handheld structured-light scanners use projected light patterns and one or more cameras while the operator moves around the subject. Position tracking can use visible geometry, surface texture, targets or combinations of methods. These systems are useful for portable capture of objects, people and complex forms. Their suitability for precision inspection depends on the specific scanner and its demonstrated measurement performance, not the fact that it is handheld. Reflective, transparent or textureless surfaces may require a modified capture strategy.
Many handheld laser scanners project one or more laser lines or patterns and use calibrated cameras to triangulate the illuminated surface. Successive frames are aligned through targets, tracked references, features or additional positioning systems. These tools are widely used for reverse engineering, industrial measurement and complex-part capture. Tracking method, part size, access, surface finish, scan speed and field of view influence how effectively a particular model works. Laser illumination alone does not establish a scanner's accuracy class.
It is useful when the operator needs to move around large, irregular or installed workpieces and capture geometry from multiple angles. Industrial metrology systems may also use reference targets, photogrammetry or external tracking for large volumes. The choice should account for access, surface conditions, required dimensional performance and the final workflow, rather than assuming laser scanning is always better than another optical method.
Handheld systems offer mobility around the subject and can be practical for anatomical capture, visual assets, heritage objects and general-purpose reverse engineering. Fixed systems may suit controlled, repeatable inspection or automated turntable setups. A suitable handheld system can still be accurate, and a stationary scanner can still be used for visualization; the distinction is about workflow, tracking, measurement evidence and access rather than an absolute ranking.
Texture is visual information mapped onto captured geometry, commonly from photographs or integrated colour cameras. A mesh stores surface shape; a texture map can provide colour, markings and realistic appearance without increasing geometric measurement detail. This is useful for museums, visual content, body capture, inspection documentation and digital twins. For dimensional engineering tasks, colour texture should not be confused with measured surface accuracy.
Start with the intended deliverable and the physical measurement task. Define object size, feature detail, accuracy and repeatability requirements, material and surface finish, site conditions, access and expected throughput. Determine whether colour, portability, automation, traceable measurement or CAD/inspection integration matters. Compare manufacturer claims using a consistent test basis and, for critical applications, validate on representative parts. CAMS uses scanning equipment on customer projects and can help evaluate the equipment against the real workflow rather than specifications alone.
ISO/ASTM 52900 recognizes seven process families: binder jetting (BJT) selectively deposits a liquid bonding agent into powder; directed energy deposition (DED) melts feedstock as it is delivered; material extrusion (MEX) dispenses feedstock through a nozzle; material jetting (MJT) deposits droplets of build material; powder bed fusion (PBF) selectively fuses regions of a powder bed; sheet lamination (SHL) bonds sheets together; and vat photopolymerization (VPP) selectively cures liquid resin with light. SLA, DLP, SLS, LPBF, FFF and FGF are particular technologies or commercial terms within these broader families, not additional ASTM categories. CAMS does not claim to sell systems in every category.
Compare part function, required material properties, dimensions and minimum features, surface quality, environment, quantity, cost and downstream finishing. Powder-bed processes can make complex batches; vat photopolymerization often supports fine surfaces; material extrusion can support robust or large-format tooling; binder jetting is useful for selected sand, metal and full-colour workflows. Production needs also include equipment throughput, post-processing capacity, inspection, operator safety and material handling. Make the decision from the required output rather than a single advertised specification.
Material availability depends on the chosen process and qualified machine settings. Common examples include thermoplastics such as PA12, PLA, PETG and selected engineering polymers; photopolymer resins; metals such as stainless steel, aluminium, titanium and nickel alloys; ceramic-filled feedstocks; and sand or gypsum-based powders for binder jetting. Specific material properties are not interchangeable between processes or even between machines. Obtain the relevant process/material datasheet and validate mechanical, thermal, environmental and finishing requirements for the intended application.
Provide a model or drawing if available, dimensions, required quantity, intended environment, materials or performance requirements, critical tolerances, surface requirements and schedule. A sketch or sample part can be enough for an initial discussion if CAD is not yet available. CAMS can help determine whether the project needs modelling, a manufacturing service, a test build or an in-house printer. An initial quote can be refined once the process, geometry and acceptance requirements are agreed.
SLS is a polymer powder bed fusion process. A heated bed is spread with polymer powder and a laser selectively fuses the regions forming each cross-section. The platform advances, another powder layer is spread and the cycle repeats. The surrounding loose powder supports most features during printing, allowing parts to be nested efficiently within a build volume. After the build cools, components are excavated, depowdered and sometimes blasted, dyed or otherwise finished. Common applications include functional prototypes, housings, clips and small production batches. Material performance, cooling time, powder reuse strategy and orientation all affect the final part.
Material jetting selectively deposits small droplets of build material that are then cured or otherwise solidified. Industrial photopolymer jetting can produce detailed models with smooth surfaces and fine features, often using removable support materials. Certain systems can combine materials or properties, but features vary by machine and compatible feedstocks. Parts normally require support removal and cleaning, and final properties depend on resin chemistry and curing. Typical applications include complex visual models, precision prototypes, assembly checks and certain mould or medical-model workflows.
Wax material-jetting systems deposit droplets of build and support material to create detailed sacrificial patterns. These patterns can be assembled into conventional investment-casting workflows where a ceramic shell is formed and the wax is removed before molten metal is poured. Fine feature resolution and repeatability are useful for jewellery, small precision parts and casting patterns. The printed wax pattern is not itself a metal part; casting quality still depends on pattern handling, shell formation, gating, burn-out and foundry practice. Supported equipment and exact build dimensions vary by model.
In laser-based metal powder bed fusion, a thin metal-powder layer is spread across a build platform and a focused laser selectively melts the cross-section. Layers are repeated in a controlled atmosphere to form a metal component. Build planning addresses heat flow, support attachment, residual stresses, powder removal and orientation. After printing, components may require stress relief, support removal, machining, heat treatment or inspection. Applications include conformal-cooling inserts, complex metal geometries and specialised production parts. Achievable density, mechanical properties and tolerances depend on the qualified material, process settings and post-processing—not simply on the process label.
At minimum, a scanner needs acquisition software for capture, tracking, registration and export; this is usually supplied or specified by its manufacturer. Additional software depends on the objective: scan-to-CAD for editable engineering geometry, inspection for measured deviation reporting, mesh processing for repair and surfacing, or visualization for colour and scene output. File exchange, computer performance and licensing also matter. Not every scanner or scanner software package exports every data type, so confirm the full workflow before purchasing.
Design tools create or modify the geometry. Mesh-repair tools check printability when necessary. Build-preparation software or slicers orient the part and determine layers, supports, nesting and process settings. Production workflows may additionally use simulation, process monitoring, machine interfaces and inspection/reporting software. For filament machines, slicing is often the central preparation task; metal PBF and industrial resin systems can require more specialized preparation. Licences, machine processors and material parameter access should be checked with the OEM.
Often, yes: many CAD systems can display, reference, measure or use scanned meshes, with capabilities varying by licence and plug-in. But importing a mesh does not convert it into editable parametric design history. Reverse-engineering software can fit geometric features and surfaces and reconstruct solids for downstream CAD. Decide whether the deliverable is a visual reference, as-built model, nominal design model or manufacturing-ready parametric assembly before choosing the software workflow.
Directed energy deposition supplies feedstock such as wire or powder into a zone of focused thermal energy, which melts material while depositing it onto a substrate or part. Depending on the system, the energy source can be a laser, electron beam or arc. It is used for selected repair, cladding, adding features and large metallic components. Machine configuration, shielding, distortion and subsequent machining are central to the process. DED is one of the seven ISO/ASTM additive manufacturing categories; its inclusion here is educational and does not imply CAMS currently sells DED equipment.
Sheet lamination bonds successive sheets of material to create a 3D object, often followed or accompanied by cutting each layer's contour. Depending on the process, sheets may be paper, polymer or metal and joining may use adhesive, heat or ultrasonic bonding. It can be useful for particular layered parts, visual models and material combinations, but it has different material and geometry constraints from powder, resin and extrusion processes. Sheet lamination completes the seven ISO/ASTM process families; it is not a current CAMS equipment claim.
All three selectively deposit binder into a powder bed, but the feedstocks and downstream outcomes differ. Sand binder jetting builds moulds and cores for metal casting. Metal binder jetting produces green metal shapes requiring controlled debinding and sintering. Full-colour gypsum or similar systems produce colour visual models, usually followed by depowdering and infiltration or other finishing. Shared terminology does not mean the machines use the same powders, binders or post-processing equipment.
Vat photopolymerization (VPP) cures liquid photosensitive material selectively using light. SLA usually scans a laser over a layer; DLP projects a patterned image; LCD or masked SLA exposes light through a screen mask. Build orientation, supports, resin formulation, washing, post-curing and environmental controls affect the result. Applications include detailed prototypes, models, patterns and certain medical or industrial products where qualified materials are available. Ceramic- or metal-loaded feedstocks can be used in specialised systems, but those green parts require additional debinding and sintering before they become final inorganic components. Process resolution should be evaluated at part scale rather than from pixel size alone.
After a metal binder-jet system deposits binder into the powder bed, the green part must obtain enough strength for handling and powder removal. Depending on the binder system, curing and debinding steps precede sintering, when metal particles consolidate at elevated temperature. Geometry must compensate for material-specific shrinkage and possible distortion. Final density, mechanical properties and tolerances depend on the selected alloy, furnace cycle and process controls. This is why metal binder jetting should be evaluated as a complete print-to-sinter workflow, not only by the printhead speed.